Method and apparatus for validating an appraisal report and providing an appraisal score

ABSTRACT

A computer-based method for validating an appraisal report includes receiving appraisal data for a property, receiving property data for the property, verifying the appraisal data meets an appraisal guideline, providing a list of appraisal items that are present in the appraisal data, providing a medium discrepancy amount and a high discrepancy amount for the list of appraisal items, calculating a difference amount between the appraisal data and the property data for each appraisal item, and comparing the difference amount to the medium discrepancy amount and the high discrepancy amount.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and is based upon and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 for U.S. application Ser. No. 14/686,371, filed Apr. 14, 2015 and which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/771,114 filed Jun. 29, 2007 which is a non provisional of Provisional Application No. 60/817,881 filed Jun. 30, 2006. The entire contents of each which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The invention relates to appraisal reports and scores. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for validating an appraisal report and providing an appraisal score.

2. Related Art

Generally, an appraiser attempts to judge the value of a given real estate property using a variety of objective and subjective characteristics of the property. Some exemplary objective characteristics may include without limitation the location of the property, the size of the property, and the square footage of any structures on the property. A typical appraisal involves selecting recently-sold properties having characteristics similar to those of the subject property and using the recent sales prices of these “comparable” properties to set a value for the subject property.

The appraiser may write down the appraisal data for the objective characteristics of the property on an appraisal form. The appraiser may accidentally or intentionally write down incorrect appraisal data on the appraisal form. For example, the appraiser may try to increase the appraised value of the subject property by writing down an additional bathroom or bedroom or increasing the square footage. If a portion of the appraisal data is incorrect, the appraisal value of the subject property and the selected comparable properties may be inaccurate or incorrect. Obtaining reliable appraisal data is important to valuing a property and determining comparable properties. In addition, the appraisal of a property can vary dramatically among different appraisers and even with the same appraiser on different days. Furthermore, existing approaches have been ineffective in automating the appraisal process so that clients can identify discrepancies in appraisal reports and flag failed appraisal reports.

SUMMARY

A machine-readable medium for validating an appraisal report comprising instructions that upon execution cause a machine to receive appraisal data for a property, receive property data for the property, verify the appraisal data meets an appraisal guideline, provide a list of appraisal items that are present in the appraisal data, provide a medium discrepancy amount and a high discrepancy amount for the list of appraisal items, calculate a difference amount between the appraisal data and the property data for each appraisal item, and compare the difference amount to the medium discrepancy amount and the high discrepancy amount.

A computer-based method for validating an appraisal report comprising receiving appraisal data for a property, receiving property data for the property, verifying the appraisal data meets an appraisal guideline, providing a list of appraisal items that are present in the appraisal data, providing a medium discrepancy amount and a high discrepancy amount for the list of appraisal items, calculating a difference amount between the appraisal data and the property data for each appraisal item, and comparing the difference amount to the medium discrepancy amount and the high discrepancy amount.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an appraisal validation system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a residential property appraisal form that is completed by an appraiser according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a blank graphical user interface that shows the different input fields for the appraisal data that the appraiser fills in for the subject property and comparable property 1 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a graphical user interface showing exemplary appraisal data filled into the different input fields for the subject property and comparable property 1 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a graphical user interface showing exemplary appraisal data filled into the different input fields for the subject property, comparable property 1 and comparable property 2 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a graphical user interface showing exemplary appraisal data filled into the different input fields for the subject property, comparable property 1, comparable property 2 and comparable property 3 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a graphical user interface that allows a client to set discrepancy rules that define acceptable and unacceptable severity levels based on any discrepancy between the supplied appraisal data from the appraiser and the property data from the public records database according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are exemplary discrepancy reports using exemplary appraisal data and exemplary property data according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a map of the results identifying the subject property, the comparables from the appraiser, and the comparables from the validation and scoring module according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphical user interfaces used by a client to input the appraisal data from the appraisal report and select the discrepancy amounts for some of the items listed on the appraisal report according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are exemplary discrepancy reports using exemplary appraisal data and exemplary property data according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a map of the results identifying the subject property, the comparables from the appraiser, and the comparables from the validation and scoring module according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method of validating an appraisal report according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods and systems that implement the embodiments of the various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. The drawings and the associated descriptions are provided to illustrate embodiments of the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention. Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” is intended to indicate that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least an embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Throughout the drawings, reference numbers are re-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. In addition, the first digit of each reference number indicates the figure in which the element first appears.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an appraisal validation system 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The appraisal validation system 100 may include one or more appraisal reports 105, an appraisal records database 110, a public records database 115, a distributed computer network 120, and a processing module 125.

The appraisal report 105 may be an appraisal form such as a Uniform Residential Appraisal Report as shown in FIG. 2. The appraisal report 105 may be manually completed by an appraiser using the appraisal form shown in FIG. 2 or electronically completed by an appraiser using the graphical user interfaces shown in FIGS. 3-6. Referring to FIG. 2, the appraiser may write the appraisal data 111 on the appraisal form. The appraisal form may be scanned in as a TIFF, JPEG, BMP, XML, PDF or 1004 structured file format and may be sent to the appraisal records database 110 via email, html upload, ftp and/or xml. The appraisal records database 110 may use OCR and/or ICR to extract the appraisal data 111 from the appraisal form and/or may convert the appraisal data 111 into a consistent, structured file format. A user may also manually input the appraisal data 111 into the graphical user interfaces and then the appraisal data 111 is received by the appraisal records database 110.

FIG. 3 is a blank graphical user interface that shows the different input fields for the appraisal data 111 that the appraiser fills in for the subject property according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a graphical user interface showing exemplary appraisal data 111 filled into the different input fields for the subject property according to an embodiment of the invention. The appraiser may use a hand-held device (e.g., iPhone, BlackBerry, etc.) or other processing device to access a graphical user interface to input the appraisal data 111 (1305). The appraisal data 111 may include an appraiser's name, license number and state of the license. The appraisal data 111 may also include an address, a sale price, a sale date, a location, a type of leasehold, a lot size, a home size (i.e., gross living area), a view, a design and appeal, a quality of construction, an age or year built, a condition, a bedroom count, a bathroom count, a roof type, a functional utility, a heating/cooling type, energy efficient items, a number of garages, and an amenities list of the property.

The appraiser may provide the appraisal data 111 for one or more comparable properties (e.g., Comparable No. 1, Comparable No. 2 and Comparable No. 3) as shown in FIG. 2. The appraiser may select Add Another Comparable (FIG. 3), which causes FIG. 4 to be displayed and allows the appraiser to input appraisal data 111 for comparable property 1. The appraiser may select Add Another Comparable (FIG. 4), which causes FIG. 5 to be displayed and allows the appraiser to input appraisal data 111 for comparable property 2. The appraiser may select Add Another Comparable (FIG. 5), which causes FIG. 6 to be displayed and allows the appraiser to input appraisal data 111 for comparable property 3. More than 3 comparable properties can be added using similar graphical user interfaces.

Referring to FIG. 1, the appraisal records database 110 stores the appraisal data 111 received from the appraisal report 105 or the appraiser. The appraisal records database 110 stores the appraisal data 111 for each property as a separate record. The appraiser may determine or input the appraisal data 111 for a number of properties that are considered comparable to the subject property and may transmit the appraisal data 111 to the appraisal records database 110. The appraisal records database 110 can be any type of storage device.

The public records database 115 stores property data 116 received from a third party provider such as First American Corporation or a county or city office (1310). The public records database 115 stores the property data 116 for each property as a separate record. The property data 116 may include details about the subject property and the comparable properties. The property data 116 for each property may include an address, a sale price, a sale date, a location, a type of leasehold, a lot size, a home size (i.e., gross living area), a view, a design and appeal, a quality of construction, an age or year built, a condition, a bedroom count, a bathroom count, a roof type, a functional utility, a heating/cooling type, energy efficient items, a number of garages, and an amenities list of the property. The public records database 115 can be any type of storage device.

The appraisal records database 110 and the public records database 115 may be coupled via a wireless or wired link to a distributed computer network 120. The distributed computer network 120 can be the Internet or other network capable of receiving and transmitting data. The distributed computer network 120 can be a private or a public network. The distributed computer network 120 may be coupled via a wireless or wired link to a processing module 125. In one embodiment, the appraisal records database 110 and the public records database 115 are coupled between the distributed computer network 120 and the processing module 125.

The processing module 125 may be a processor, a controller or other device capable of comparing, extracting, processing, retrieving, transmitting, and validating data. The processing module 125 may include an appraisal guidelines module 130, an appraisal data module 135, a property data module 140, a discrepancy rules module 145, a validation and scoring module 150, a validation rules module 155, an appraisal report module 160, a discrepancy report module 165, and an appraiser report module 170. All the modules may be implemented using software, hardware, and combinations thereof.

The appraisal guidelines module 130 includes appraisal guidelines such as the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) appraisal guidelines. The USPAP are the established requirements for professional appraisal practice, which may include the minimum foundation for the development of an appraisal and the reporting of the results. In addition, statistical perspectives are important to the accurate interpretation of data and the development of assumptions made to reach a value conclusion. The appraisal guidelines may include a list of guidelines that should be met for the appraisal report 105. The appraisal guidelines module 130 may verify that the appraisal data 111 meets appraisal guidelines (1315).

The appraisal data module 135 includes the appraisal data 111 for the subject property and all comparable properties.

The public records data module 140 includes the property data 116 for the subject property and all comparable properties.

The discrepancy rules module 145 allows clients to establish client-by-client discrepancy rules (exemplary discrepancy rules shown in FIG. 7) that define acceptable and unacceptable severity levels based on any discrepancies between the supplied appraisal data 111 from the appraiser and the property data 116 from the public records database 115. Hence, the discrepancy rules module 145 can detect appraisal fraud if the number of medium and/or high severities is greater than a specified amount. The discrepancy rules module 145 may display a graphical user interface as shown in FIG. 7 to allow clients to set their risk management and discrepancy rules that fit well with their overall risk tolerance and operational guidelines. Using the discrepancy rules module 145, the client may provide a list of appraisal items and one or more discrepancy amounts or rules for each appraisal item in the list (1320, 1325). For example, the client may provide a medium discrepancy amount (1) and a high discrepancy amount (3) for the gross living area (see FIG. 7). The appraisal items may include a sale price, a sale date, a gross living area, a lot size, a number of bedrooms, a number of bathrooms, a year built, and a distance from the subject property. A discrepancy rule can be set for each appraisal item listed on the appraisal report 105. For example, the client may set discrepancy rules for the sale price at 1% greater than public records for medium severity and at 3% greater than public records for high severity. The client may input a medium severity discrepancy amount and a high severity discrepancy amount for each appraisal item listed on the appraisal report 105.

In addition, the client may receive one or more validation rules. The validation rules may include (1) there is an undisclosed sale on the subject or a comparable, (2) there are 1 or more high severity differences between user-provided data and the public records data, (3) there are 2 or more medium severity differences between user-provided data and the public record data, (4) the appraiser's license is not current or broker's license associated with the appraiser is not current, and (5) the appraiser has not signed the appraisal form (validation of signature or presence of signature) (1330). The client may set a fail flag for one or more validation rules (1335). A set fail flag indicates that if the condition is met, the client will receive a fail notice indicating that the appraisal data 111 meets the condition set by the validation rule (1370, 1375). If a fail flag is set for a validation rule and the validation rule is met, the validation rules module 155 transmits a failed condition to the validation and scoring module 150. The client may create the validation rules based on the client's needs.

The validation and scoring module 150 may receive the appraisal guidelines to ensure that the appraisal data 111 meets or exceeds the appraisal guidelines. For example, the validation and scoring module 150 may ensure that the appraisal report 105 includes all the required information in the correct format and no necessary fields have been left blank. The validation and scoring module 150 may extract the appraisal data 111 from the appraisal report 105 or receive the appraisal data 111 from the appraisal records database 110, receive the property data 116 from the property records database 115 or the property data module 140 and compare the appraisal data 111 to the property data 116 to determine whether the appraisal data 111 is within a discrepancy amount of the property data 116 (1340). The validation and scoring module 150 may determine whether each item of the appraisal data 111 is within a discrepancy amount of each corresponding item of the property data 116 and if so, validates each item of the appraisal data 111, and if not, determine the severity level using the set discrepancy amounts or rules (1345, 1350, 1355, 1360, 1365). The validation and scoring module 150 may use the appraisal guidelines, the discrepancy rules and/or the validation rules to validate the veracity of the appraisal data 111 (i.e., the content in the appraisal form including the subject property and the comparables).

The validation and scoring module 150 may also determine the accuracy of the data provided by the appraiser for the comparable properties. For example, the validation and scoring module 150 may determine the distance from each comparable to the subject property, whether the distance falls within a proper guideline to be considered a comparable property, whether any obstacles or blights such as railroad tracks or freeways exist near or between the subject property and any of the comparable properties, whether the comparable is within the same subdivision or within the same census tract as the subject property, whether the comparable property is an accurate comparable to the subject property, whether the property data includes other comparable properties that are more comparable (i.e., a property that would adversely affect the valuation) than the comparable properties identified by the appraiser, and compare the sale prices of the comparable properties to the sale price of the subject property and validate that the sale prices of the comparable properties are within a certain percentage (e.g., 10%) of the sale price of the subject property. Using the property data 116 for the subject property, the validation and scoring module 150 retrieves other comparable properties from the public records database 115. The other comparable properties may be selected based on one or more of the following: a sale price, a sale date, a gross living area, a lot size, a number of bedrooms, a number of bathrooms, a year built, a distance from the subject property, obstacles or blights such as railroad tracks or freeways near the subject property and/or the comparable property, and the comparable property is within the same subdivision or within the same census tract as the subject property.

The validation and scoring module 150 may also track usage and audit trails for compliance, apply USPAP and Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) appraisal validation rules to the appraisal data 111 and to check the range of values in the neighborhood in the past 12 months, for example, and what is the variance outside the range.

The appraisal report module 160 provides detailed information about the subject property and any comparable properties as provided by the appraiser. The discrepancy report module 165 generates and provides the discrepancy report to the client.

The appraiser report module 170 generates and provides a list of appraisers and lists the number of medium severity, high severity and failed appraisal reports associated with each particular appraiser. The medium severity may be weighted less than the high severity. The high severity may be weighted less than the failed appraisal reports. Each appraiser may be assigned an appraisal score from for example 1 to 1000 based on the number of medium severity, high severity and failed appraisal reports. The higher score may indicate a better appraisal having a lower number of medium severity, high severity and failed appraisal reports.

The appraiser reports may be organized in a number of ways. For example, each appraiser report may list the appraiser's name and license number, an appraisal score and a turn time (i.e., the number of days it takes the appraiser to complete the appraisal) for each appraisal performed by the particular appraiser, an aggregate appraisal score and an average appraisal score based on their entire portfolio of appraisal scores. In addition, the list may include an indicator (e.g., default, repurchase, etc.) and a number of the appraiser's properties that have moved into a default or repurchase state. The appraisal report can sort the appraisers based on one or more of the following: aggregate appraisal score, average appraisal score, default number or rate, repurchase number or rate, and average turn time. The appraisal records database 110 can store the appraiser reports information.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are exemplary discrepancy reports using exemplary appraisal data 111 and exemplary property data 116 according to an embodiment of the invention. The discrepancy report module 165 outputs a discrepancy report, which lists the appraisal items, the number of medium severity discrepancies and the number of high severity discrepancies (1380). The discrepancy report shows a discrepancy amount, a discrepancy percentage, and a severity level between the appraisal data 111 and the property data 116 for each discrepancy rule and/or for each validation rule. The discrepancy report is provided for the subject property and any comparable properties identified by the appraiser. In addition, the discrepancy report provides other comparable properties identified by the validation and scoring module 150 (shown in FIG. 8 b as Analyzer's Top Comparables). The discrepancy report can be provided in Word, HTML or batch file format. The discrepancy may color-code all the discrepancies based on severity.

FIG. 9 is a map of the results identifying the subject property, the comparables from the appraiser, and the comparables from the validation and scoring module 150 according to an embodiment of the invention (1380). For example, the subject property is shown using a star, the comparables from the appraiser is shown using circles, and the comparables from the validation and scoring module 150 is shown using flags. The map feature allows an appraisal reviewer to determine subjectively if the comparables provided by the appraiser appear to be the best comparables for the subject property.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphical user interfaces used by a client to input the appraisal data 111 from the appraisal report 105 and select the discrepancy amounts for some of the appraisal items listed on the appraisal report 105 according to an embodiment of the invention. The graphical user interfaces may be automatically filled in by the processing module 125.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are exemplary discrepancy reports using exemplary appraisal data and exemplary property data according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a map of the results identifying the subject property, the comparables from the appraiser, and the comparables from the validation and scoring module according to an embodiment of the invention. 

1. A non-transitory machine-readable medium for identifying a discrepancy between a comparable property used by a real estate appraiser and a more relevant comparable property that was not used by the real estate appraiser, the medium comprising computer-readable instructions that when executed by processor circuitry cause the processor circuitry to perform steps comprising: receive over a communications network and through a data communications interface the appraisal input data for a property, said appraisal input data comprising data describing the comparable property used by the appraiser to appraise the property; identify a list of appraisal items that are present in the appraisal input data which form a basis on which the appraisal was performed, the list of appraisal items being attributes of the property; query a public records database to identify one or more other comparable properties that are (i) closer to the property than the comparable property used by the appraiser, and/or (ii) more characteristically similar to the comparable property used by the appraiser at least with respect to sales date, lot size, and number of bathrooms and/or bedrooms; and using a result of the query, automatically generating and displaying on a web page a ranked list of the other comparable properties that are identified in the query so that any of the other comparable properties that are ranked higher than the comparable property used by the appraiser are identified as the more relevant comparable property.
 2. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the automatically generating and displaying includes displaying the ranked list of the other comparable properties along with the comparable property used by the appraiser.
 3. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the automatically generating and displaying includes generating and displaying a field indicative of whether the more relevant comparable was identified by the appraiser.
 4. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the automatically generating and displaying includes generating and displaying a listing summary of the property along with the ranked list of the other comparable properties.
 5. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the property data is selected from a group consisting of an address, a sale price, a sale date, a location, a type of leasehold, a lot size, a home size, a view, a design and appeal, a quality of construction, an age or year built, a condition, a bedroom count, a bathroom count, a roof type, a functional utility, a heating/cooling type, energy efficient items, a number of garages, an amenities list of the property, and combinations thereof.
 6. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the medium further comprising computer-readable instructions that when executed by processor circuitry cause the processor circuitry to perform steps comprising: setting a user-established discrepancy threshold; calculating with the processor a difference amount between each appraisal item and a corresponding attribute of the one or comparable properties, the difference amount being a financial value amount for appraisal items that are characterized by financial values, and the difference amount being a quantity for appraisal items that are characterized by quantity.
 7. The machine-readable medium of claim 6, wherein the medium further comprising computer-readable instructions that when executed by processor circuitry cause the processor circuitry to perform steps comprising determining an existence of a potentially invalid comparable when the difference amount exceeds the user-established discrepancy threshold.
 8. The machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the medium further comprising computer-readable instructions that when executed by processor circuitry cause the processor circuitry to perform steps comprising identifying an appraisal report from the appraiser as being potentially fraudulent when the potentially invalid comparable is included in the appraisal report.
 9. A method to identify a more relevant comparable property that was not used by a real estate appraiser when appraising a property comprising: receiving over a communications network and through a data communications interface the appraisal input data for a property, said appraisal input data comprising data describing the comparable property used by the appraiser to appraise the property; identifying a list of appraisal items that are present in the appraisal input data which form a basis on which the appraisal was performed, the list of appraisal items being attributes of the property; querying a public records database to identify one or more other comparable properties that are (i) closer to the property than the comparable property used by the appraiser, and/or (ii) more characteristically similar to the comparable property used by the appraiser at least with respect to sales date, lot size, and number of bathrooms and/or bedrooms; and using a result of the query, automatically generating and displaying on a web page a ranked list of the other comparable properties that are identified in the query so that any of the other comparable properties that are ranked higher than the comparable property used by the appraiser are identified as the more relevant comparable property.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the automatically generating and displaying includes displaying the ranked list of the other comparable properties along with the comparable property used by the appraiser.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the automatically generating and displaying includes generating and displaying a field indicative of whether the comparable was identified by the appraiser.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the automatically generating and displaying includes generating and displaying a listing summary of the property along with the ranked list of the other comparable properties.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the property data is selected from a group consisting of an address, a sale price, a sale date, a location, a type of leasehold, a lot size, a home size, a view, a design and appeal, a quality of construction, an age or year built, a condition, a bedroom count, a bathroom count, a roof type, a functional utility, a heating/cooling type, energy efficient items, a number of garages, an amenities list of the property, and combinations thereof.
 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising: setting a user-established discrepancy threshold; and calculating with the processor a difference amount between each appraisal item and a corresponding attribute of the one or comparable properties, the difference amount being a financial value amount for appraisal items that are characterized by financial values, and the difference amount being a quantity for appraisal items that are characterized by quantity.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining an existence of a potentially invalid comparable when the difference amount exceeds the user-established discrepancy threshold.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising identifying an appraisal report from the appraiser as being potentially fraudulent when the potentially invalid comparable is included in the appraisal report.
 17. An apparatus configured to identify a more relevant comparable property that was not used by a real estate appraiser when appraising a property comprising: circuitry configured to receive over a communications network and through a data communications interface the appraisal input data for a property, said appraisal input data comprising data describing the comparable property used by the appraiser to appraise the property; identify a list of appraisal items that are present in the appraisal input data which form a basis on which the appraisal was performed, the list of appraisal items being attributes of the property; query a public records database to identify one or more other comparable properties that are (i) closer to the property than the comparable property used by the appraiser, and/or (ii) more characteristically similar to the comparable property used by the appraiser at least with respect to sales date, lot size, and number of bathrooms and/or bedrooms; and use a result of the query, automatically generating and displaying on a web page a ranked list of the other comparable properties that are identified in the query so that any of the other comparable properties that are ranked higher than the comparable property used by the appraiser are identified as the more relevant comparable property.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the circuitry is further configured to display the ranked list of the other comparable properties along with the comparable property used by the appraiser.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the circuitry is further configured to generate and display a field indicative of whether the comparable was identified by the appraiser.
 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the circuitry is further configured to generate and display a listing summary of the property along with the ranked list of the other comparable properties. 